Conflict Management in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conflict Management in Organisations - set about ExampleThere are contrary levels of which date occur in transcriptions within the singular ( fibre conflict where, for example, the individual feels a clash between his role as an executive and parent) between two fast individuals between persons when they are working in a ag sort out or in teams between different groups within organisations (out of rivalry arising out of variety of reasons like resource allocation, mergers) and finally between the composition and the alliance when there is a mismatch between organizational goals and societal goals (e.g. environment). Given this situation, it is in the interest of the organization to see that conflict does not harm or injure the organizational process in achieving its goals. With the individual differences, of people who comprise the organization, it will be a futile to think of developing a group which will be free of conflict with members completely aligned and harmonious. T he issue would be as to how to finagle conflict in an organization so that it actually benefits out of it. Experts see potential positive benefits to the organization when conflict is constructively managed, not avoided. It is even recommended that conflict is stimulated by a better group performance.What this report is aboutIn this paper, the attempt is to understand the general nature of conflict how it arises and why and how it should be managed by organizations. In order to have some focus on this huge and highly researched topic, the paper confines itself only to issues relating to the topic of conflict and its management process in a group/teams and the role of group leadership in successfully managing conflict. Group effectiveness is one of the key determinants of success of an organization. Groups in organizations are very often formal (departments and divisions) but increasingly their working is seen to be informal, where there is a large delegation of responsibility and where the group is allowed to choose its process and task breakups. The ability of groups to benefit from cognitive conflict (that is, differences in information, knowledge, and opinions) can be a critical source of competitive advantage.(Philips and Thomas-Hunt, p 37)

How environment affects architecture Assignment

How environment affects room decoratorure - Assignment Examplebuilding, the architect has an obligation of knowledgeable the culture of the individuals that surround them, as well as the environment in which the structure is to be laid. It aid in the successful production of buildings for both the behavioral and mental activities. In addition, if an engineer is designing, for an instant, a pair or even a machine, he/she makes drawings where every line results into great integration of principles and laws from various robotlike sciences. The machines or the structures are designed in a manner that they bear some level melodic line or perform a position function (Gissen, 2009). This is quite similar to architectural work where when an architect is designing a structure or a town each minute detail is reliant on the application of set of laws (mechanical). In addition to these laws, they also integrate set of other science principles whose scopes may not be vividly defined such(p renominal) as those that relate human beings with the environment. These sciences such as the climatology and economics among others are as vital as the mechanical sciences. This is to ensure that the structure conventional by the architect protects the various elements that surfaces or are bound to surface due to the structures to be naturalised (Pastor & Molina, 2007).The machines are usually less or not entirely affected by the environment. Moreover, climate has exact impact on the machines. However, humans being constantly interact with the environment by either ever-changing it or being changed by the environment. In turn the environment affects buildings and structures (Bergmann, 2009). For example, the climate or microclimate of a particular area or locality and the structures surrounding the building usually mold that particular building in such a way that the shape and the design of the structure may be influenced by the factors highlighted. thither are some effects of cl imate that can be observed on various forms of architectural works. For an instant, the ration

The Morality of the Criminal Process and its Effects on a Victim Essay

The Morality of the Criminal Process and its Effects on a Victim - Essay ExampleAs the essay stresses punishment is a worldwide phenomenon that cuts across even the smallest units of society, families. No society can live smoothly without imposing punishment on offenders who go against the laws and customs governing them. This could propose an escalation of execration but on the other hand punishment has totally been measured by peoples opinion, which often act as scapegoats to the nature of crimes that felons commit. Punishment steady remains a stumbling block that attracts constant debate. The word crime has been overrated with the fact that law identifies it at matchless angle rather than at different standpoints. By clarifying this, crime is a universal full term used in law to denote a felony regardless of its stature, unless it is deeply scrutinized. From the paper it is clear that originating from a single parent family, she is pressed to go the extra mile of getting mon ey, which prompted her to shoplift because she did not hurt money to buy her mother a gift for Christmas. Analyzing her argument shows remorse and regret for her actions but on the other hand it depicts her desperation to meet her and her familys needs. This shows how she is caught up in the midst of life problems that if the evaluate justifies her point, should give an appropriate punishment. The arguments displayed by the politician does not at all have a slide down of pity to the poor girl and her family by saying that the lack of employment does not escalate crime and in this case not an excuse for Shirley to shoplift.

Philosophy, Mission, and Organizing Framework of caring nursing theory Assignment

Philosophy, Mission, and Organizing Framework of caring breast feeding theory - Assignment ExampleThe college lives on the philosophy that the nursing discipline and profession is based on caring. The philosophy states that the contributions of nursing to the society focuses on the soulfulness as a whole done caring. The discipline requires a response by the practitioners towards the enhancement of a persons well-being. There are situations that call for nursing to occur and include enhancement of well-being through the contact of nurses and persons involved. He discipline has an art and science presence with the former etched on creative thinking in practice, and the latter on the complex body of knowledge.My philosophy in nursing is that, as a nurse, I have the responsibility of providing safe, holistic and patient-centered care to the public or the nursed individuals (American Nurses Association, 2010). In this case, patients deserve and require individualized attention and assi stance whenever they need. On the other hand, nurses remain the providers of health assistance and care.The organizational framework of the college is based on criteria of nurturing a person through caring. Therefore, the main basis for examination is caring. nurse is unique and requires a response from the nurse to a call from another person, where the nurse is supposed to act by getting into the persons situation and assisting professionally.According to Ray (2007), there is a argufy in nursing caring as described in her theory of bureaucratic caring. The theory suggests that nurses difference of opinion with the requirement of serving the bureaucratic inescapably of the systemwhile required to serve the caring ineluctably of the human beings. This philosophy seems to be in opposition to the CON philosophy that aims at human needs for caring as the primary necessity. The bureaucracy has been brought about in the society by politics, social statuses, thriftiness and technolo gical advancements. The author notes that various hospital units

Strategic management in an international context Q3 and 4 Case Study

Strategic watchfulness in an international context Q3 and 4 - Case Study ExampleThe management strategized the Co exploits plans to check into the internal and external business environment, and its internal coherence without facing any challenge or influencing its operation negatively (Schultz & Gordon 2011, p27). Some of the issues surrounding Starbucks Corporation business environment includes competition, clients and suppliers, improvements in technology, mart, laws and government, social and economic trends.Starbucks origin strategy majored in competition. Outside the American boundary, Starbucks face various competitive situations in every expanse it carried operations. On many occasions, competition was even more intense than in America. The withdrawal of Starbucks from Australia was an effect of a highly sophisticated coffee market developed and dominated by the Middle Eastern immigrants, Italians, and southeast Europeans. Throughout continental Europe, Starbucks had to face well-developed markets with excellent standards of coffee preparations and strong preferences. In addition to competition from the bottom, Starbuck faced competition from the top. For instance, the up market Italian coffee roaster illycafe was growing and expanding in America through franchise arrangement with independent coffee houses. A good justification for the American gourmet coffee market was that immediately Starbucks had educated North America about happiness of good coffee, the new coffee connoisseurs go on to seek superior alternatives to Starbucks. Therefore, Starbucks initiated various strategies to fit or overcome the competition. Starbuck joined single-served coffee seedpod systems pioneered by Nespresso subsidiary by launching its single serve, home coffee makers under its Verismo brand (Schultz & Gordon 2011, p. 221). Starbuck in addition reduced the prices of coffee, which increased sales. Therefore, they gained several customers hence, more retained earn ings and benefits.The next strategy of Starbucks is to fit in the social and economic trend.

Art and El Anatsui Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art and El Anatsui - Research Paper ExampleThis is an fine art incorporating a collection of aluminum plates together with copper wires. Anatsui is determined to challenge the stomp of metal being a solid, inflexible spiritualist and to a certain extent portray it to be a soft, pliant and almost sumptuous substantive which is capable of attaining vast dimensions and being modified to precise spaces. The forms created by Anatsui are layered with implications that reach off the beaten track(predicate) beyond the physical characteristics of his choice of materials. As showed in this eight-foot-tall figure of an oversized wastepaper pack, Anatsui makes an outright proclamation about the climbing issue of waste change in third planet countries which have restricted reusing proficiencies. This artwork also interprets upon the frequent not reusable nature of human life in a earlier subtle way. Comprising of trashed printing plates which were used for obituary pages in newspapers, the p ortrayed images with their death announcements remind people of the unbroken scourge of illness, corruption and maltreatment in a nation which has been struggling with the long-term aftermath, which is attributed to the effects of colonialism high up illiteracy levels which has caused underdevelopment and corruption.This is an artwork incorporating a collection of aluminum plates together with copper wires. Anatsui is determined to challenge the stereotype of metal being a solid, inflexible medium and to a certain extent portray it to be a soft, pliant and almost sumptuous material which is capable of attaining vast dimensions... It is only after cockeyed up scrutiny that someone is able to know that the sculptures are made from discarded materials like in this wastepaper bag, which comprises of trashed printing plates. There are other art whole shebang where he has used flattened tins, tops and liquor bottleful wrappers (Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute 17). Through his artwork, El Anatsui guides his audience to reflect the social and economic account of tungsten Africas past, consumerism, and garbage, as woven into fine-looking sculptures. The lesson from this artwork is that students bath craft their own drapery as a response to Anatsuis art, incorporating African kente to find out rhythm and pattern in art. Waste materials can be recycled for use which in this artwork of wastepaper bag, it included folded papers and labels. It is the use of craft sticks which are accordingly glued to a burlap background which gives the go its firmness and dimension, enabling it to hang as a sculptural Gawu (Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute 21). Although Anatsui has also worked using a variety of other mediums such as the wastepaper bag which was made of paper, he is however best known for his shimmering metal sculptures which he makes from several gramme liquor bottle tops of West African origin. This is one of the most renowned art works of El An atsui. This wonderful piece of art work gives an insiders view of Anatsuis practice of art. It took ingenious step coupled with thousands of hours of labor. This is what converted the recycled waste bottle tops into the big, magnificent wall hangings. This artwork is a brotherhood of painting and sculpture it is an object which speaks of African history as well as for the ethereal. This art piece or art work is very descriptive, and gives the audience

The Homestead Strike 1892 compared to The Great Sit Down Strike 1937 Research Paper

The Homestead Strike 1892 compared to The Great Sit set down Strike 1937 - Research Paper ExampleThe strike was able to attain goals meant for the benefit of the workers. They averted the reopening of the plants thus resulting in the recognition of their right to organize, a right which has been repeatedly denied by this corporation (Weinstone, 1). The union was formally know as the collective negotiateing agency for its members in all the plants (Weinstone, 1). The union was able to put a stop to the open-shop system practiced by this American industry (Weinstone, 1). It was withal able to successfully bargain wage increases for the GM workers and for the auto workers in other plants. Finally, it also successfully bargained an agreement to open negotiations between the union and the corporation for the demands on wages, hours and working conditions (Weinstone, 1). Aside from the above successes, the union was also able to turn a elbow room and hold off forceful efforts to remov e the sit-down strikers, who wholly left the plants when their conditions were met (Weinstone). Finally, this strike successfully endorsed the insurance policy of industrial unionism, of militant unionism and progressive leadership based upon rank-and-file democracy, which confirmed that such system is the only correct form of brass instrument that can effectively meet and defeat the corporations of big capital (Weinstone, 1). The manoeuvre used by the union includes first by strategically locking themselves in, making it difficult to absolve them without the use of considerable force and numbers, while at the same time, by taking over the gates, they obtained the workable action of freely coming and going and thereby relieved the strain which they would otherwise have found a serious factor in their voluntary imprisonment (Weinstone, 1). The workers went on shifts hence, were able to withstand continued live inside the plants for a long time. They were also able to create a complete and efficient organization by setting up an elected strike charge, various sub-committees, captains, including health and sanitation, patrol and policing, trial committee (Weinstone, 1). The elected strike committee was the one assigning particular duties to every worker which includes the reception of visitors, guarding, and cleansing up (Bliven, 377). Through this, they were able to utilize an effective strategy that heightened their awareness and control against any possible attacks against them (Weinstone, 1). The workers barricaded themselves within the plants and readied themselves to employ devices available to secure their positions within the plant (Weinstone, 1). Their preparedness can be best illustrated in the following covering the windows with bullet-proof metal sheets and at the same time a way wherein fire hoses could be placed to prevent any gas or firearm attack systematizing and drill squads in using water hoses organizing a police patrol making roun ds at given hours, to varan the movement of people in adjoining wings of the building to prevent any surprise attacks (Weinstone, 1). The strikers also were said to hold court every morning, and those found guilty of inappropriate behavior such as bringing liquor into the plant or circulating rumors was removed from the plant (Lovett, 123). The workers could even mete out classes in parliamentary procedure, collective

Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

reconstructive memory - Essay Exampleved their freedom from their white masters, African Americans would celebrate their newly won liberties and rights in the years following the war also referred by historians as the period of Reconstruction. In the contain America A Concise History by James Henretta and David Bordy, we get in-depth analysis and commentary on this crucial period in American history.We learn from the text that the Reconstruction project is largely a failure. The acceding of eleven defeated Southern states into the Union was going to be a highly challenging butt against due to cultural and political dissimilarities between the two former warring groups. Indeed, the non-viability of this proposition had what ultimately take to the abandonment of Reconstruction efforts and much of the bipartisanship seen in American politics today is proof of this deep percentage in the countrys social and political makeup. Immediately after the Civil War an atmosphere of euphoria prevailed, when intellectuals and prevalent people alike dreamt of a radically new American society. But as the initial fervency of the Reconstruction era faded out, people came to the realization that old, established institutions would not change readily. In many a(prenominal) ways the Civil Rights movement that occurred a century later was a reaction to the failure of the Reconstruction project. In this sense, the progress of American society was effectively held back for a hundred

Judicial Activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judicial Activism - Essay ExampleBy interpreting, the judge is equipped with knowledge to conclude what applies in a particular case. The decision must also be physical compositional rather than a biased one. (Scalia, 1997)This is what is referred to as strict constructionism or strict constructivism. The judge must first acquire the kernel of a particular clause of the constitution then apply it in the ruling. The use of strict constructionism is recommended where the edible of the constitution are unclear, enigmatic or absurd.On the other hand, one may view the constitution as a self-fulfilled set of guidelines to govern any ruling.in the event that there are no ambiguous or the clarity of the provisions is spot on, the judges are expected to strictly apply the claim meaning in the ruling. (Forte, 1972) One of the issues that arise with interpretation of the constitution by the judges is expansion of the virtues through with(predicate) implications. Justice, reason and fair ness may fail to materialise if the judges fail to restrain from expansion of the law through implication.Abortion has been one of the most contentious and sensitive issue over a menses of time. Judicial involvement is rampant and the most publicly highlighted case is the roe v.Wade case. The outcome of this case was the contract bridge of access spontaneous abortion as being a fundamental right of any woman upon conclusion of foetal viability. (Craig, 1993) Consequently, the conditions determining foetal viability became very conflicting. Up to now, different states continue to set up rulings concerning abortion due to their own definition of the term foetal viability.For instance, the Supreme Court is under intense pressing to rethink about the legal conditions as to when an abortion can be performed. Various petitions have been brocaded by different states prompting the judicial system to re-evaluate its position as expressed in the Roe vs. Wade case. In this case,

Art Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Comparison - Essay ExampleIn this essay, it will lineament more from the Museum of Modern prowess where the comparison between the works will be mainly ground on the style, content, artistic intention and the historical context. When these aspects are explained, it gives one a deeper core of the work art work and you stop viewing it with a surface eye. This is because ever art work has a meaning and a source of inspiration. Art work has been used to communicate and it has more than a thousand words. It is a simpler way to communicate and it leaves a greater impact than writing so many words. It is much easier to commemorate an image of an art for many years than to remember a piece of written work.Though in that location are many types of art like singing, drama, poetry, and dancing, this essay will be focusing on paint and sculpture arts. Most of the paintings were done using oil because oil was resistant to water, it was readily found, was flexible comme il faut to take different shapes and colors. Therefore, this paper look at the comparison between poty Strike by Stuart Davis and OOF by Edward Ruscha artistic works and Marilyn Monroe, I by James Rosenquist and Woman, I by Willem de Kooning in this essay.Luck Strike is a painting that was done by Stuart Davis. Stuart Davis was an Ameri jackpot who was passionate about art. This art can tell that the artist was appreciating the tobacco company in America. It also shows that he loved the products from his own country.2 It was during 1921 that the tobacco the top most products in America that Stuart Davis came up with this art as a gift to the American Tobacco Company.OOF was done by Edward Ruscha in the year 1962 but he refined it in 1963. It was a gift of Agnes Gund. I was interested in monosyllabic word sounds that seemed to have a certain comedic take account to them, Ruscha said. He was in a joyful mood when he was designing this art and he treasured to pass the

Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens Essay

Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens - Essay Exampleternational education and protection of American citizens abroad andexpatriation. The U.S. doesnt really have a unified overseas insurance policy goal anymore. The around recent unified foreign policy was the Cold War Strategy of containment of the USSR and of Communism, which pervaded its relation with almost to the highest degree every country. Since then, however, on that point are different policies that are for different countries. Policies may be divided by continents, United Nations, Foreign Aid, Defense, and Allies and Enemies. The U.S. has a strong foreign policy with The United Kingdom. Its foreign policy affirms this bilateral relationship with U.K. as its most important in the initiation, which is evidenced in the levels of cooperation in armament planning, execution of military operations, nuclear weapons technology, and intelligence sharing with each other. These two countries also s hare the worlds largest foreign investment partnership, with the U.S. investing in the U.K. reaching $255 billion and U.K.s investment in the U.S. reaching $283 billion. Another coalescency is NATO, or North American Treaty Organization, which is a national alliance that consists of twenty-eight countries. Under the NATO policy, the U.S. is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power (Cox & Stokes, 2008). thither are also foreign policies on different issues, such as terrorism, worldwide health and disease, immigration, foreign aid and others. The foreign policy of worldwide health and disease targets globalized diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus/ assist, malaria, TB, and so forth Different organizations have been formed to combat these diseases such as PEPFAR (Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), where the U.S. government spends fifteen billion dollars over a span of five years to combat HIV/AIDS. Foreign aid is also another foreign po licy. This policy compels the U.S. to spend about 0.18% of its Gross home(prenominal) Product on Official Development Assistance. Under this, there is also the Millennium Challenge Account, which is a government organization to which developing countries can apply for U.S. foreign aid (Cox & Stokes, 2008). The average American doesnt know very much about the U.S.s foreign policies. Most of the public are uninformed, or misinformed. Despite this, it is still a fact that the U.S. foreign policy does affect almost every reflexion of the daily lives of Americans. Take for example the price of gasoline. The U.S. gets its oil from other countries such as Libya, Egypt, and other Middle-Eastern countries. In April 2011, fears about the unrest in Libya and Egypt sent oil prices to $113 a barrel. Another example is the life and close of the nations soldiers. NATO is compelled to defend any of its states that are attacked by a foreign power, meaning that there will be drafting of soldiers t o go to war, which usually results in deaths and loss of resources (Irish & Frank, 2000). Most American citizens bod lives

California natives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

California natives - Essay Examplethe degradation of the purlieu (massive clearing of forests, siltation of river systems, loss of wild biography game and draining of marshlands) that adversely affected the natives.The native population of California yet a few centuries ago was so diverse that about 500 independent distinguishable tribal groups were identified by anthropologists (ibid. 3) in the area. However, the tragedy was that much of this local culture was lost forever with truly few items and artifacts left to record their way of life due to the forced assimilation adopted by settlers. As a result, although the native population had risen after 1900, that population had lost much of its cultural purity with most of natives half-breed (mixed marriages and broken traditions). Linguistic diversity was also lost with many ineffectual to speak their native tongues.This essay tries to look back at those times and examine the effects of dickens groups of settlers the Spaniards and the Russians. Each group had a different purpose of going to the area and therefore had a different impact on the lives of the natives. This paper also looks at a specific aspect of native life during that bygone era and gives brief contrast with the Western way of life and the valuable lessons that could have been knowing by everyone.The recorded history of California (as viewed from Western eyes) begun with Spanish religious missions together with settlers and soldiers. The missions and the presidios usually were construct near other in case of attacks from the coast or from the native Indians and later on grew into pueblos (small towns). The presidios were truly small forts where soldiers were posted so they can aid the mission in case they were under threat. These structures survived to this sidereal day and are among the most visited tourist sites. These relics and monuments of Spanish colonization form a chain of 21 missions make along El Camino Rey (The Royal Highway ) and considered as the refuge of religion and serenity while

Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Outsourcing - Essay Examplese of two dramatically different effects while some claim that it will result in layoffs and dislocation for galore(postnominal) US workers, most economists believe that it will ultimately strengthen the US economy (Otterman, 2004). Outsourcing should not be restricted as it will be good for the US economy in the long run.With the US economy still recovering from recession, some economists feel that this is not the right time to send jobs overseas. lavishly engineering science companies have been contracting out many of their software development projects to overseas software companies, curiously to India. Outsourcing has always been a part of the American economic regime. Gradually outsourcing is being done in more than and more sectors. It is fueled by a combination of quality proceedss at affordable prices both(prenominal) by the service providers and the consumers. The developed countries could venture into outsourcing as the developing countrie s have demonstrated the required skills and upgraded the engine room in communications (Sourirajan, 2004).Despite claims of job losses no one really knows how many service jobs have been outsourced overseas as companies are not required to maintain such statistics. According to a Forrester Report, US will export 3.3 million US jobs by 2010 and most will be in the IT software development sector (Sourirajan, 2004). By 2015, Forrester predicts, roughly 3.3 million service jobs will have go offshore, including 1.7 million back office jobs such as payroll processing and accounting, and 473,000 jobs in the information technology industry (Otterman).This according to economists is a very low figure as the United States employs some cxxx million non-farm workers. Despite the recent economic downturn, according to a McKinsey Analysis, the U. S. economy created an average of 3.5 million raw(a) jobs in the private sector per year (Otterman). Outsourcing helps to stimulate the economy, argue some economists. The loss of jobs can be attributed to other factors like

American us history to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American us history to 1877 - probe ExampleWhile it could be expected for the government and the system to have certain rights associated with liberty and life, moreover the King of Britain was found to incorporate laws that completely restricted the freedom of the colonies of the United States, and the colonies had been patiently suffering. The King had refused his agree to laws that were needed for the benefit of the public as a whole. He also didnt allow his Governors to sound those laws that were more important needed immediate attention (The Declaration of Independence).The King restricted the accommodation of plenty from large districts and would allow them only if they renounced the right of representation in the legislature. He chose unusual and uncomfortable locations that were further away from the depository of public records for meetings with legislative bodies intending to exhaust them by making them comply with his measures. He foreclose the laws for Naturalizati on of Foreigners preventing the population of the States. Not only these, he also affected the independence of the military and courtly power (The Declaration of Independence).Considering these above mentioned activities of the King, the Declaration of Independence was written to explain these reasons that restricted the independence of the States and that the States cherished to take measures against such tyranny of the King of Britain. The Representatives of the United States of America thus assembled to the Supreme Judge of the arena and wanted their intentions to be supported that were meant for the good of the public in general giving them the right to be free and independent (The Declaration of Independence).From the above study, it could thus be learnt that the Declaration of Independence was written in order to reach out to the common mankind with the injustice and tyranny that they were been targets of under the rule of the so

Foundations of Public Health and Health Promotion Essay

Foundations of Public wellness and Health Promotion - Essay ExampleThe shortcomings of these models are addressed by the Red Lotus wellness progression model which advocates for a value and principle system to place actions in all aspects of wellness progress process.Hawe, Degeling, and Hall Needs Assessment and Planning model conducts an assessment to obtain a comprehensive provide of the health issues and problems facing the community. Through this assessment, practitioners can guide their actions towards health intervention initiatives aimed at improving health conditions. The assessment process is divided into two stages. First, identifying health problem priorities. During this stage, data is collected and analysed to determine what health problems are critical so that priority to health problems is set (Hawe, Degeling & Hall, 1990). The magnitude of a specific health problem determines its priority in terms of needs to be addressed as soon as possible. Second, analysing t he health problem. The aim of this stage is to gather more data about the factors that lead to the identified health problems. Once enough data is collected and analysed, priorities are set on how to address the health problems identified. value and principles of health promotion such as community empowerment and participation are then use to describe how to solve the health problems. The shortcoming of this model is that it takes a technical orientation approach to firmness of purpose health problems. For example, it describes how health promotion problems should be addressed without putting emphasis on values and principles to guide actions and yield positive results.The Program Management Guidelines from New South Wales Health gives a guideline of step to follow to guide actions. The guidelines given reflect actions that may occur simultaneous. It gives guideline on how to organize and blueprint the health promotion programs to

Zara's strategic approach to Information Technology Management Essay

Zaras strategic approach to Information Technology Management - Essay prototypeInformation technology centering not only involves basic functions of management such as staffing and budgeting, besides also has aspects like software design, change management, tech support and network planning that are singular to the management of break outment and technology only. Table of contents Executive Summary...2 Zaras Approach to management of tuition and technology.4 Ciscos approach 8 Comparison.11 Conclusion...11 References.12 bitter back on cost is one of the about crucial aspects of the Zara Companys approach to study and technology. This can be proved by the fact that the company tries as a much as possible to minimize cost in their information technology infrastructure. This can be seen in the mode they handle their information technology needs. For example, the company prefers to develop their own programs rather than employing software developing companies to carry through their program or buying softwares. It is good to develop ones software internally, but it has its limitation. In fact, what most companies do is to buy shell programs and then configure them accordingly to the suitability of their company. They do not develop their programs themselves from scratch. Although developing ones programs internally like in the bailiwick of Zara has some advantages like monomania to rights of the programs, it comes with some disadvantages. Firstly when a company writes its own program from scratch and does not intend to accomplish from it commercially, they face they risk of being behind in technology. This can be proved by the case of Zara clothing company which as of 2003 the company was still using DOS operating system, which even its producer Microsoft has termed it as well out dated (Macafee & Dessain & Sjoman, 2007). One reason why Zara finds it difficult to upgrade to some different current operating system is the fact that it wrote its point of sale (POS) program specifically unthaw on a dos operating system. Thus, as much as any management tries to minimize cut cost as much as possible, quality should also be considered. This because in the long run cheap is expensive. Five years down the line, Zara Fashion Company will find itself in a lot of technical problems. This is because it will be left behind by other fashion companies since other companies are moving forward with the technology in regards to point of sale. If we look at Zaras systems, after(prenominal) making transactions at the end of the day, one needs to back up the data in a floppy disk. However, in modern point of sale systems, information is backed up mechanically in real time. This means that a good point of sale system should store information of any transaction in the main server immediately. Saving information each and every day is exceedingly tiresome and time consuming. Another disadvantage of this is that if one forgets to store the informatio n in a floppy disk, then it means that information will never be retrieved hence causing problems in accounting. Zaras approach to information technology management can be evaluated considering the ten principles of good information management and seeing if it satisfies these principles. Good information management should focus on adoption. This means information manag

Tit for Tat Essay Example for Free

Tit for Tat shewLong time ago there lived a merchant named Garib Dass. He lived in a town . He was very rich only if unluckily, he fell on bad days, so overmuch so that he became on bankrupt. His business failed and theft accrued in his house not still that, he had to sell his house to pay off the debts. Garib dass was in utter adversity. But rough matter had to be done to cope with the adverse conditions.So he thought, I must go to some other town and start some work. God may help me and I may prosper again. Garib Dass made preparations to go to another town. One of his old friends Janki Dass lived in same town. He was hypocritical person. Garib Dass went to him and intimated him of his decision to leave the town. Hearing Garibs tale of woe, Janki Dass expressed his sympathy and said, Dear friend, but can I do for you? Let me know .My brother, I comport got weight-lift bars that never rust. I went to pawn it with you against one hundred rupee. When I will return, I sh all clear your debt and have my iron bar back. Is that all? It is no problem at all. I shall preserve the bar safely. verbalise so, Janki Dass gave hundred rupees to Garib Dass and took his iron bar. Garib Dass thanked Janki Dass and set up for another town. With one hundred rupees he started a scummy business. Luck favored him and in few months only his business flourished and he became rich again. Garib Dass return to his root town. He bought a new house and started his old business once again.Soon he came to adore his old respect and well as dignity. One day Garib Dass went to Janki Dasss house. His friend entertained him punctually and they exchanged greetings. Then Garib Dass said to Janki Dass, Friend Here are your one hundred rupees. I went to have my iron bar back. Janki Dass put on a sad face and said, My brother I feel very ashamed to tell you that I placed your iron bar safely in a box. God knows how a rat got into the box and nibbled the entire bar.

Meaning of life Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life EssayExistentialism as a philosophy is concerned with the import of our existence and the non- existence of a spiritual figure to mould our being. This philosophy was created as early the early 1900s, but mid 20th Century Philosophers Albert Camus and Jean Paul Sartre ar seen as the fathers the movement. Existentialism can be seen as a major influence on the bailiwick of the Absurd as it is substance abuses theatrical effects in order to show the way in which art object uses endless and futile ways to appropriate from the meaninglessness of his existence. Other themes that argon evident in funny plays ar that of the devaluation of language and our entrapment in an Absurd existence. Devaluation of Language As uses who speak completely diverse languages, we are unable to communicate verbally and are forced to using gestures and appropriate sounds. The language barrier causes a lot of frustration and exhaustion and at many times conflict between our two citations because no matter how important or trivial the words that the person is saying- they serve no purpose as incomplete take ins the other.After a short fight, my section begins to rant in her language, leaving Niinas character confused and unsure of what to do. She then retreats back to her place on the opposite part of the island whilst I underwrite to express my frustration. The space between us symbolises our aloneness at being able to communicate straightway with each other. Entrapment in an Absurd Existence As two people who do not understand each other and are stranded on an island there is not much that can be done. As a means to fill our boredom my character started to hum a tune and was easy but surely joined by my companion with a drum beat that she had added.Niinas character who is very pessimistic comes to her senses and realises the meaninglessness of the entire exercise. This drives her to attempt to kill herself. An absurd existence is one which is secur e of meaningless distractions and once a person realises this they come into conflict with their existence and is driven towards two different choices To free oneself from the meaninglessness- which Niinas character attempted to do, or to hope for change or for the discovery of meaning like my character.We are adrift in a world devoid of purpose As our characters use diversions to avoid facing the meaninglessness of our lives, like how our two characters play a game to pass the time. plainly as time goes on, Niinas character voices her frustration of the situation that, having already been stranded for some time, we are not likely to be rescued. This presents the question of whether there is a point of living when there is neither future ahead nor purpose for you. This is another contributing reason as to why Niinas character attempts to kill her self. My character has a different way of viewing this situation as she has held on to her conviction to give her purpose.She has also f ound purpose in trying to keep her companion from killing herself. The island temporary expedient reflected the strong themes of Existentialism in Absurd Theatre through the staging of the conflict created between our two conflicting characters. Unable to linguistically understand each other, language as a tool of parley becomes useless and we are forced use a small game in order to distract ourselves from the reality of the situation and the meaninglessness of our existence on an island where we have no purpose. -

Dressed to Kill Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Dressed to Kill Stereotypes EssayDressed to Kill Stereotypes Eddie Izzards Role as Parasocial dawn Icon You never get a second chance to necessitate a first impression a concept crucial to the importance of the Parasocial extend to Hypothesis. Eddie Izzard as a representative of a male transvestite minority conclave, plays a critical role in diminishing minority stereotypes in his HBO comedy special Dressed to Kill.Eddie Izzard does this in 3 authorized ways by identifying with the majority (his audience) on a familiar and common level, by embracing minority characteristics in order to humanize differences, and by shape uping the subject ( virtuallyly non-verbally) in a lighthearted and non-threatening manner. The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis is the suggestion that parasocial interactions through media can act in a similar way to Intergroup Contact Theory when correlated to minority prejudice.In studies on intergroup shock, it has been shown that direct exposure to a m inority group changes the opinion and lessens the prejudice by that participant. Schiappa, Greg and Hewes wrote, a persons beliefs can be modified by that person coming into contact with a kinsfolk member and subsequently modifying or elaborating the beliefs ab bulge out the category as a whole (93). In their parasocial contact hypothesis studies Schiappa, Greg and Hewes concluded,Cumulatively, the studies reported here provide delay for the PCH for two minority groups and across three television genres. The PCH has significant theoretical and social implications. For decades, mass confabulation researchers have insisted that mass media and television, in particular, can influence viewers beliefs about the world. Research on parasocial contact and the relationships that such contact produces is significant because it suggests that one form of learning is about individuals and categories of people (111).This finding is most important because it means that individuals representing minority groups in media right away become more than an individual, but an icon for the minority and as such they carry on a new importance and responsibility. In Dressed to Kill, Eddie Izzards approach to his special gains greater value because he now represents a larger group and his communication choices relieve oneself on new significance. Eddie Izzard first identifies with the majority on a common level, but possibility the show on the streets of San Francisco while not in drag.His audience is from or at least in San Francisco and through his opening video and dialogue he connects to the crowd on a level out of doors of gender issues as a fellow San Franciscan or at least lover at that place of. His second technique is to embrace minority characteristics all the while humanizing them. He does this by coming out on stage in drag and performing the whole special in costume. He defines transvestites and even categorizes them by type at points throughout the special to bring t he audience back and to launch similarities with which they can identify.His third technique is to approach the subject in a lighthearted and non-threatening manner this is achieved exactly by using a comedic format style. People laugh when they argon uncomfortable and laugh when they are comfortable. Those that are uncomfortable are given the freedom to express themselves without standing out because everyone else is laughing. Those unfamiliar with transvestites now presented with a closer view of the minority in a comedic way, walk away with a commanding feeling of the minority representative which influences their opinion and reduces prejudice.The studies and conclusions on Parasocial Contact Hypothesis research are significant because it means the media can be used to reinforce positive images of minority groups to reduce prejudice. However the frigid is likely also true, so it is important that media be used for productive and not destructive purposes in this regard. Works Cited Schiappa, Edward Gregg, Peter Hewes, Dean. The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis. Communication Monographs Mar. 2005 92-115. Jordan, Lawrence dir. Izzard, Eddie wri. Dressed to Kill. 1999. HBO, 1999.

Ten Point Agenda in Basic Education Essay Example for Free

Ten capitulum Agenda in Basic Education Essay1. 12-year Basic Education Cycle (K+12) Our chairman is training to expand the canonical reading cycle, from a 10-year cycle to a glob bothy-comparable 12 years, for our public school children. At present, we are the only country in Asia that has a 10-year cycle for basic precept. Those who can afford basic reading get into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation.2. Universal preschooling for all All public school children testament accept preschool as their introduction to formal schooling by 2016, and he will mend this available to all children regardless of income. With regards to pre-schooling, I trust this program was implemented already by previous administration. We had already our Day boot Centers managed by Day Care Worker. This program is under the Department of affectionate Welfare and Development (DSWD) with the Municipal Nutrition Action Officer (MNAO) as the head of the Day Care Workers.3. M adaris education (Madrasah) as a sub-system within the education system President Noynoy Aquino wants full basic education for all Muslim Filipino children. According to him, this is to give proper respect to their culture while providing a sound curriculum in English, Filipino, Science, and mathematics. Madaris education, with subjects in Arabic language and Islamic Values Education, can be integrated in our public school curriculum as additional subjects.4. Technical vocational education as an alternative stream in senior high school. He will reintroduce technical-vocational education in our public high schools to better link schooling to local industry call fors and employment. We need to provide an educational alternative to better prepare the students for the world of work.5. Every child a endorser by Grade 1 By the end of the next administration, every child must be a ratifier by Grade 1. At the core of our childrens non-learning problems is the inability to read properly. By the end of the next administration (SY 2015-16), every child passing pre-school must be a reader by Grade 1. I think this is the responsibility of the parents to teach their children how to read while at home. backlog aside, our parents taught us how to read when we were still young even if they were just both an elementary graduate.6. Science and Math proficiency Our President is also readying to rebuild the science and math infrastructure in schools so that we can produce more(prenominal) scientists, engineers, technicians, technologists and teachers in our universities so that this country can be more globally compatible in industry and manufacturing. To build a culture for science and math, he is also mean to promote science and math clubs and fairs. In our school, we have Student Technologist and Entrepreneur of the Philippines (STEP) Competition and math Week Celbration.7. tending to private schools as essential partners in basic education The President is be after t o expand government assistance to private education. A strong private school system will strengthen our public schools by providing parents an alternative and not adding to the overcrowding. One concrete example is the Fund for Assistance to Private Education (FAPE). They have this program Educational Service Contract (ESC). A student in a private school can apply as ESC Scholar provided that he or she is deserve to become a scholar. In other row, his/her academic records are good. I think, no grade under 80% is one of their requirements. Modesty aside, I was once an ESC scholar before when I was still in high school (ehem). By the way, another requirement is the Income Tax Return (ITR) of the parents.8. Medium of instruction rationalized President Aquino wanted the Philippines to become a trilingual nation watch English well and connect to the world. Learn Filipino well and connect to our country. He said Retain your dialect and connect with your heritage. I think this will be re alized.9. Quality school texts Our President also will not tolerate poor textbook tonicity in our schools. Textbooks will be judged by three criteria quality, better quality, and more quality. Poor quality textbooks have no place in our schools according to him. I have noticed that some of our textbooks have wrong information. There was a time that I read a book and it says Clouds are blue. Where in this world that you can find clouds with blue color? There are also some words that are misspelled. This will be the job of the National Book Review Board. They must see to it that all books have three criteria quality, better quality, and more quality.10. Covenant with the local governments to build more schools President Noynoy Aquino is planning to build more schools in areas where there are no public or private schools in partnership with local governments, as well address our persistent classroom and teacher shortages. We need more schools with smaller populations so that teachers , students and parents can form a real learning community. This time, there is now a Local School Board (LSB) with the District Supervisor as the Chairman and the Municipal Mayor as the Co-Chairman or vice versa. In our school, we have 5 teachers who are still LSB Funded.

Patton Fuller Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Patton Fuller Financial Statements EssayFinancial lines hold a salient deal of information on them and there are many things to consider when reviewing them. A financial statement can be audited or unaudited which part in expense information. There are effects of tax sources to consider and businesses harbor a different revenue every year. They can either be clam up in dollar amount or could vary significantly. The financial goal to how much revenue a business wants to make should be set in order to plan and control for expenses that the business essential pay for in case of emergencies. Financial statements are very detailed and are well illuminating of the financial status of a business.Audited Versus UnauditedIn the Patton-Fuller revenue and expense statement report, the audited or unaudited financial statements vary in their particular expense information. A considerable reduction in the analysis of income is the fundamental procural of every doubtful account. The di stinct term refers to fixed number of accounts receivable that will eventually reverse bad debt or standardized as unvaluable funds. A statement furnished concerning all third society reports shall always demonstrate the distribution of doubtful accounts noteworthy as an expenditure (Baker Baker, 2011). Management of the doubtful accounts have a million dollar increase particularly on the audited statement report in proportion to the unaudited report. All the allotments in the calculated amounts vary within the net income and operating income from signifying a profit that doubtless shows a loss. An audited balance statement affirms an amount of one million dollars that is reduced in revenue same with the unaudited report on the present profit listed that relates to patient balance due.

Video game console Essay Example for Free

tv set juicy console EssayToo oft of fewthing washbasin al shipway persecute you. This severalise also applies to ikon enliveneds. Playing movie games too very such(prenominal) and for too abundant cig bette harm you in to a greater extent than one way. M both(prenominal)(prenominal) people make emerge that idiot box games be ruining the lives of many another(prenominal) squirtren in at onces domain of a function. This is because they set prohibited no restrictions on what they play and how eagle-eyed they play it. many a(prenominal) motion picture games these gigantic time include a lot of blazon and, and an objective that involves barfting to death or having to harm person. Of course it would be terrible if a squirt killed any(prenominal)one in the actu each(prenominal)y public, so wherefore should cleanup position them in the virtual homo be any different? concord to Violent picture Games (2010), playing hazardous television sys tem games can make just about adolescents more hostile, specially those who ar little(prenominal) agreeable, less scrupulous and easily savage. The damages that argon so comm scarce incase with the word photo game single come out in a child with the unreasonable use of them. there atomic number 18 vertical and bragging(a) games, and advantageously and uncollectible shipway to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) constitute that When kids play these games and draw their favorite display case commit some(prenominal) type of cherry action, they essential to absorb it.A nonher prejudicious affect that movie games take in on children is that they can typeset a spoiled image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) observe that, Women are not usu entirelyy utilize in word-painting games, and when they are, their purpose is commonly sex address. This causes children to think of women as just in force(p) looking objects to concur sexual dealing s with. Another harm of impression games is that it causes children to be isolated from the well-disposed macrocosm just about them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the swordplay console or com locateer.Also, while they are at nurture or someplace else outside of the house, all they can condense on on is opinion about how they are going to pay off that next take once they redeem home. harmonize to Blake (2006), It causes the educatee not to negociate about grades or learning and to expect to stay as far remote from the solid world as attainable because of how untold the musician likes the pictorial mattergame world. word-painting games can carry many swelled affects if not limited. It is pivotal for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in modulate to avoid the dread affects that it causes. Too much of something can forever harm you.This territory also applies to video games. Playing video games too a lot and for too long can harm you in more than one way. many people contend that video games are ruining the lives of many children in instantlys world. This is because they project no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. more video games these long time include a lot of ordnance and, and an objective that involves killing or having to transgress soul. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed soulfulness in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent impression Games (2010), playing hot video games can make some adolescents more hostile, especially those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily fire. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the lush use of them. there are earnest and bad games, and in force(p) and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) rig that When kids play these games and compute the ir favorite genius commit some type of idle action, they want to echo it.Another negatively charged affect that video games deal on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discover that, Women are not unremarkably utilise in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex supplicant. This causes children to think of women as just satisfactory looking objects to draw in to sexual traffic with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the mixer world rough them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the play console or computer.Also, while they are at enlighten or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can tenseness on is thinking about how they are going to outfox that next level once they embark on home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the bookman not to bid about grades or learning and to want to stay as far out from the real world as likely because of how much the player likes the videogame world. television receiver games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is of the essence(p) for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the abominable affects that it causes. Too much of something can unendingly harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too a good deal and for too long can harm you in more than one way. galore(postnominal) people struggle that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of blazon and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing hazardous video games can make s ome adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world some them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming cons ole or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective tha t involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes ch ildren to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more th an one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to re peat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is c rucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only c ome out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?A ccording to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world aroun d them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in vide o games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to vide o games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and s ee their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you.This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in todays world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different?According to Violent Video Games (2010), playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word video game only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it.Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of vi deo games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer.Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their childrens video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes.

Oliver Ellsworth Essay Example for Free

Oliver Ellsworth EssayI, Oliver Ellsworth representative of Connecticut, propose that the rear end of representation in the legislative branch remain by state as under the Articles of Confederation. I support the strategy of governance that maintains the principle of local rule and I understand central government as the body that will strengthen the rights of property and the harmony of the republic, therefore I claim we atomic number 18 partly national and partly federal. Under this I shall introduce the resolution with my ally Roger Sherman along with William S. Johnson, The commodious Compromise, breaking the deadlock between the large and small states over representative, allowing United States senators to be elected by state legislature. I do agree with Randolphs notion of a three-fold division, but move to scoop up the phrase, national government into government of the United States.I also advise that the House of Representatives be elect or elected every year as Rog er Sherman will also come to agree with. Favoring the three-fifths via media on the enumeration of slaves, I do although oppose the abolition of the foreign slave trade. Slaveholders from Maryland and Virginia muckle afford to oppose the slave trade, because slaves multiply accordingly fast in Virginia and Maryland, it is cheaper to raise then result them, whilst in the sickly rice swamps of South Carolina and Georgia foreign supplies are necessary. Ending the slave trade butt joint also benefit slave-owners in the Chesapeake region, since the demand for slaves in other parts of the South will attach the price of slaves once the external supply is cut off. Then, shall I concur that in order for man-to-man rights to be protected we must help shape America with an independent judiciary and as system of federalism.-Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut Representative.

From the Middle Ages through the Renaissance Essay Example for Free

From the Middle Ages through the Renaissance EssayThe earliest depositary of the High Gothic was the duomo of Notre-Dame at Chartres, where flying buttresses were designed from the beginning so that the balconies were needless. This simplified the home(a) elevations to three partitions the nave arcade, the triforium passage and the clerestory windows. In the process, the clerestory windows improved noticeably in size and overreaching shifted from sexpartite, over two bays, to four-party, over one bay. Chartres duomo has an additional complex chronology than the cathedral of Paris. The side had unyielding been sanctified to the Virgin Mary and the church wealth included, along with other precious relics, a tunic thought to have been used or worn by Mary. Chartres turned out to be the meat of pilgrimage, and from 1020 to 1037 a Romanesque basilica with three profound radiating chapels was create to restore the previous church washed-up by chivvy. By the twelfth vitamin C, this church increased in size however a give notice in 1134 had damaged the wolframwork.Work started the same year to put up a new west front and narthex in much the same manner that Abbot Suger was to extend St. Denis Sculptors from the workshops at St. Denis came to Chartres, in 1145 to 1150 to mutilate the three portals of the new west facade, and the three lancet windows overhead were filled with stained glass depict themes pioneered at Sugers church infancy of Christ, the Passion story and the Tree of Jesse or the genealogy of Christ. brace again struck the Chartres on the night of June 10, 1194. The fire again struck the cathedral and town, destroying the wooden-roofed basilica and eight-spot per cent of the city.Even though the new west front survived without major damage, the people of Chartres interpreted the fire as a sign of divine displeasure. The Gothic cathedral at Chartres was built in the bridge circuit of twenty-six years from 1192 to 1220, and the sculpted n orth and south transport porches were finished between 1224 and 1250. However, the north hover on the west front was completed only in 1513, giving the west front at last a balanced asymmetry of form and style. Builders of the great French cathedrals of the early thirteenth century gave the impression on a determined pushing of Gothic technology to achieve soaring internal heights.The nave vaults at Chartres rise 113 feet over a fifty-three-foot-wide nave at Reims (begun 1211), the vaults ar 122 feet high over a forty-five-foor-wide nave at Amiens (begun 1220), the vaulting is 139 feet high for the same nave width and at Beauvais (begun 1225), the most daring venture of all, the choir vaults travel 158 feet over a choir that is forty-five-feet wide before collapsing and being rebuilt in a strengthened form. The cathedral of St. Pierre at Beauvais was never finished, and only the choir and transept stand today to indicate the scale of the think Gothic building.Although structura l disappointment was only part of the problem at Beauvais, it is a recurring cistron in the history of the cathedrals construction. The design called for a string of seven radiating chapels dispatch the ambulatory, with p denudeed aisles in the choir that continued beyond the aisled transepts as double aisles in the nave. Work on the choir began in 1225, with choir vaulting being completed in about 1260. These vaults collapsed in 1284, believably because wind forces went over load capacities on slender transitional buttress piers, causing them to rotate and fall. disdain this checkered building history, the interior of the cathedral is stunning. The extreme verticality of the arcade is corresponded by an attenuated glassy triforium, above which rises the fragile cage of the clerestory, where solid wall dissolves into glass, generating the illusion that the vault overhead rests on air alone. In the windows, plate tracery used at Chartres has been replaced by bar tracery, thin sto ne sections carved into geometric shapes based on circles. Tracery on the enormous transept roses moves into even more elaborate, flame-like shapes. Seen from the east, the out(prenominal) is overwhelmingly vertical.Even though the Gothic style started off in France, it stretched to other parts of Europe and became the principal style of northern Europe until the fifteenth century. English designers and builders soon formed their own Gothic esthetic and within a century had shaped Gothic churches that varied significantly from those built in France. Nineteenth century historians who initially studied the Gothic buildings of England classified the work in three overlapping phases, which are still hardheaded or helpful for describing the progressive improvement of English medieval structural design.Early English built from 1175 to 1265, keeps up a correspondence approximately to High Gothic work in France. Salisbury Cathedral shows a rare example of an English Gothic cathedral ass embled just about exclusively in homogenous style, Early English. Salisbury adds in features from monastic plans taking account of double transepts of Cluny III and the foursquare east end of the Cistercians, in a lengthy angular building that is unquestionably English.On the interior, quadripartite vaults ascend from three-story nave elevations nevertheless the constant vertical line exploited by the French has been substituted by a horizontal importance formed by a string course infra the triforium and another under the clerestory windows. Even the ribs of the vaults do not extend down the wall but spring sooner from wall corbels at the base of the clerestory. Surfaces are articulated by shafts and trim in black Purbeck marble. The exterior receives the same horizontal emphasis as the interior.Flying buttresses do not have a inexpugnable vertical character, and the walls are coursed in horizontal bands that extend across the west front. With all this horizontality, the 404-foot tower and spire offered the essential vertical counterpoint, and their great weight has obviously turned aside the piers at the crossing. The covered passages are excellent illustrations of early festooned tracery, and off the east range one comes across an attractive octagonal chapter crime syndicate (King et al. , 2003).ReferencesMoffett, M. , Fazio, M. , Wodehouse, L. (2003). A World History of Architecture. London Laurence King Publishing Ltd.

Leonard Michaels in Murderers Essay Example for Free

Leonard Michaels in Murderers EssayI was not a happy teen. Id never write rough being happy, were the exact words written by Leonard Michaels, a novelist, short story writer, critic, and professor, in his published diaries. He did go through with his word. Every single one of his works revolved on unique personal sadness, including his famous work, and the center of this paper, Murderers. Michaels personal manner of writing was greatly influenced by his personal experiences. cosmos born on Polish immigrants and being raised on the Lower East Side of hot York, you could expect something of a dramatic and inappropriate childhood setting with his daily life. The story was written in a terse, direct way, and surprisingly, for something too tragic, very specific. The readers could expect to be taken by melancholy, bleakness, and despair for his style is quite effective to his audience. His tone, grammar and usage of imagery revealed too much of him that he ultimately made his her aldic bearing known in his work.His vocabulary has a trace of the 1940s expressions, since the setting was exactly where he grew up. His sentences often are both astonishing and illuminating, like the way his characters just shrugged off someones close in front of their eyes. It, in a way, revealed a lot of unwanted truths about his unfortunate life, and that of those who love in the area. The whole story was written like it was a reflection of the things he regrets, and reading it was whole eye opening. It made the readers, especially me, realize how fortunate we are. Fortunate not to have had the same appall experiences.

Effects of Industrial Revolution in the World Essay Example for Free

Effects of industrial Revolution in the World EssayIndustrial Revolution pic In the 1700s, the world was on the verge of a great change the industrial change. By the end of the eighteenth century, the industrial revolution was well under way in England and would paste to the slackening of Europe, the United States, and japan during the next atomic number 6 years. Before the industrial revolution, Europe and the stop of the world were arcadian societies. Over three quarters of the creation lived on farms, and in the busiest of countries only a few hundred thousand emerge of several million lived in towns and cities. Tools and the few machines that existed then were made mostly from wood. European products were handmade and the power to operate these tools came from human muscles. The only an different(prenominal) avail up to(p) power sources were wind and body of water, nevertheless the use of wind and water-powered machinery was restricted to places where the wind and water power was reliable. Therefore, whats known as the domesticated system was used. The domestic system is a form of manufacturing in which goods were produced in the homes, either alone or in very small groups.A few industries used simple factories, single-room buildings or workshops for the manufacture of extravagance goods, such as cloth and the action on certain military weapons. This world of cottage industries and wooden tools was about to be transformed. After the industrial revolution, only traces of this former existence would remain. (Corrick, 12) The industrial revolution began in eighteenth-century England. England had money and natural resources, but most importantly, people. The industrial revolution required both workers and consumers.England had a population boom in the 1700s due to cured diseases, healthier childbirths, and to a greater extent and better food. Economic historian Phyllis Deane says, Without the upgrade demand for goodswhich reflectedthe growt h of population, there would have been less incentive for British producers to expandand hence rough of the dynamism which powered the industrial revolution would have been lost. (Corrick, 18) With the growth of population came the demand for goods and the need for better, easier, and cheaper ways to make these goods. England also had a natural abundance of iron and coal.Iron became increasingly important because it was a common building material and an essential factor in the development of mechanical production. With Englands underweight coastline, which provided excellent natural harbors, iron became a major export. In addition to people, natural resources, and inventions, money was needed to start the industrial revolution. England had roads, banks, insurance brokers, and all the things needed to open a business. Rich English traders were more than eager to put their wealth to work and invest in English industry.England had all the factors of production and was the ensampl e region for the start of the industrial revolution. An oppositewise great English industry aside from iron production was the textile industry. The export of cloth accounted for about a third of all English trade, both at home and abroad. (Corrick, 20) In 1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle. When added to the regular hand loom, a single weaver was able to work the loom. Even though the weaving was still done by hand, it went faster and weavers turned out cloth much more rapidly.Following the invention of the flying shuttle were James Hargreaves and his spinning jenny, Richard Arkwright and the water frame, Samuel Crompton and Cromptons mule, and probably most importantly, James Watt and the steam engine. With the ending of Watts patents, other inventors were able to make the steam engine more powerful and find more uses for it. By the base of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution played an important role in England. New and larger factories were weft the Englis h landscape.In the meanwhile, the revolution began to spread first to Western Europe, then all over the world. Although England was the heart of the revolution, France had its fair share of inventors. Nicolas-Louis Robert developed a machine that turned out paper in unyielding rolls, Claude-Louis Berthollet invented chlorine bleaching of linen, and Joseph-Marie Jacquard built a machine that was able to pattern cloth with elaborate designs. Despite these new(a) inventions, most technology was still found in England, so Europeans were drawn to England to study the new machines.England clip-tested to stop it by passing laws banning the export of technology, but they couldnt stop the technology ecstasy from England to the rest of Europe. When Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in France, it became more difficult for the industrial revolution to come to continue spreading in France. Although Napoleon promoted modernization of the French textile industry, England was soon at war with Napoleon and established a naval blockade of Europe. The blockade cut off French manufacturers from raw materials normally imported from England.Once Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, France began modernizing industry with illegally bought British equipment and imported English workers. However, unlike England whose iron production played an important role in industry, French industry instead concentrated on a lighter type of manufacturing, particularly the luxury trade. (Corrick, 35) The French specialized in printing designs onto cotton cloth and also got into the manufacturing of furniture. Germany also had a hard time industrializing.Germany was not a unified country and the independent states were separated by religion, currency, and even viewed each other as economic rivals. They discourage emigration and levied custom dutiesnot only on goods entering from other states but even on trade between towns and cities within the same state. (Corrick, 36) There were many economic barriers between the German territories. One German state, Prussia, played a major role in rescue industry to Germany. Prussia joined with a number of states to form the Zollverein. They didnt charge customs and allowed goods to go freely though their territories.The other states were at an economic disadvantage and joined the Zollverein. Now manufacturers were able to move in and set up factories within the unions boundaries. Prussia also helped remove serfs and guilds, which were both standing in the way of industry. Now that serfs were no longer bound to their landlords farms, Germany was exposed to an important amount of satisfactory industrial workers. In1810, Prussia enacted a law that opened manufacturing to guild and non-guild members, Other German states followed Prussias lead and by the 1830s, many obstacles to German industrialization were down.The industrial revolution didnt bond in Europe. It eventually spread to the United States and Japan as well. Unlike most count ries, Japan was extremely resistant to industry. Japan had a strict policy of isolation from the rest of the world. The rulers of Japan, or the shoguns, thought of the rest of the world as barbarians, and didnt want corrupt foreign ideas to pollute Japanese society. For that spring, the Japanese lacked all modern technology, and it was for that same reason that July 8, 1853 marked one of the greatest turning points in Japanese history.On that day, US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Edo request with orders from President Millard Fillmore the Japanese to open Japan to the outside world, even if using force was necessary. The Tokugawa shogunate was in charge of Japan at the time and the government attempted to show the strength of Japans military, but Commodore Perry was well aware that his military advantage was superior. Eventually the Tokugawa recognize that their forces are no fit for the American military might, so in 1854 Japan gave in and sign-language(a) the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US. Once Japan was open to the US, there was no way to close it.Japan in due course signed treaties with England, Russia, and Holland. The stage was now set for revolution in Japan, leading to the Meiji Restoration, and ultimately to the beginning of industry. Japanese daimyos launched a brief rebellion and were able to overthrow the Tokugawa. Rather than submit to the same fate (as Korea, China, and other eastside Asian islands being dominated by the West), Japanese leaders decided on a sheer and unprecedented strategyto initiate a massive modernization program (Nardo, 21) They believed that there was no other way for Japan to become a great independent nation, and through odernization Japan could be militarily and economically equal to the Western powers. The newly empowered Meiji made a major change industrialization. He sent young upperclassmen to Europe and America to learn engineering, economics, and military science. Every year he staged the construction of new railroads, steamships, ports, and canals. Huge corporations now dominated the economic landscape. Industrialization arose in Western European countries because they desired it. People always wanted more, and they wanted it fast.France saw British success and wanted it. German states such as Prussia saw the British success and wanted it. That was the difference between industrialization in Europe and industrialization in Japan Japan didnt want it. Japan was determined to stay isolated as long as possible and only rose to the challenge of industrialization because they realized the dangers of not industrializing. The Japanese were too proud to be economically and militarily less superior to the rest of the world. The industrial revolution was a major turning point in world history.

Quality of Consumers Goods

Quality of Consumers GoodsIn late years, consumers are becoming increasingly conscious ab tabu the theatrical role, safety, suitability and environmental impacts of the goods that they penury. just, in m all contents, consumers would non conscious of the fibre of a goods or overlaps even afterwards economic consumptions. These harvest-times are cognize as the faith goods. It is difficult to distinguish between two qualities of the same good, even after consumption. In much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) case, consumers are automatic to pay a premium for the hidden attributes of the goods that they can non observe. Such goods entangle natural versus genetically modified (GM) diet, organic versus non-organic products, fair-trade products, suitable for vegetarians goods, Kosher, and more in general spunky- persona versus low-quality products. However, this paper is interested to make a extra type of acceptance goods, that is proper versus non-h alal products or goods. proper is an Arabic vocalise which means lawful or permissible. It follows the Islamic ruling known as the Syariah law. halal covers every formulation of Muslims life e specificly dietary. halal fare simply means that the fodder products are free from any elements which Muslims prohibited from consuming. Extended discussion on halal is presented in Chapter 2. With Islam as the second largest religion in the humans and the fastest growing, the world proper solid food trade is estimated to be just about US$ 150 one million million to US$ d billion in 2007 on which US$ 80 billion alone is generated from agri-food products (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2007 Brunei halal, 2007). These factors hasten the investment in halal products, and in virtually cases, producers cheat for easy access to the merchandise. Analysis of Halal in this paper, distinguishes itself from new(prenominal) studies on belief goods, as it involves different levels of consu mers interactions.Any doctrine goods, including Halal products, comprise a special attribute or characteristic. This characteristic is not verifiable and revealed unless by experts or slightly other professional services. Hahn (2004) suggested that objective or complete doctrine goods would be difficult to find as consumers would have some mind on products or services after the consumption. This is not entirely true as in case of Halal food product, especially Halal marrow squash. It is very difficult to check if the meat is entirely Halal as claimed, as there is no existing way to check after consumption whether narrate the meat getd is really slaughtered in Syariah methods, even though there is non-existence of other non-Halal ingredients. Therefore, in this sense, Halal meat is an example of a real credence good.In many cases, consumers concern for the special or credence attribute (eg. environmental, fair-trade, organic, Halal, etc.) is evidenced by their willingness t o pay a premium for the high-quality products. The willingness to pay opens up an opportunity for low-quality producers (those which privation the special attribute) to take advantage by pretending to be that of high-quality, especially when only the producers know whether the wanted attribute exist in their products or not. Moreover, it is too expensive for individual consumer to directly monitor or verify these attributes.Therefore, consumers could only decide their get choice on compositors caseive belief regarding the products quality, which are establish on all available cultivation such as press report, word-of-mouth and labels when such obstinate selection in credence goods market exist. Hence, producers cannot build reputation when occupation of low-quality imitating goods could not be detect and punished. Delayed detection of low-quality products allows its producers to imitate the strategy of their high-quality rivals, which hampered tokenling use. Like other crede nce goods, Halal food products, finished certified Halal brand/logo would improve the information asymmetry, but whitethorn carry the uniform issues. These issues are discussed in Chapter 2.It is common for credence goods to feature a communication scheme such as labels or brands to help consumers in making acquire decisions. Moreover, these labels or brands often require authentication by legislator or a third-party organisations that have the proficiency in each field of specific credence quality attributes, thus involving accompanimental apostrophizes.In the Halal market, there too exist regulations by the government (eg. in Brunei, under the authority of Brunei Islamic Religious Council, Ministry of Religious Affairs) or third party organisation (eg. in fall in Kingdom, by Halal Monitoring Committee and Halal Food Authority, to name some). In which they march a product through monitoring and indicating some guidelines for producers before granting a recognisable label on the products. Hence, this label helps consumers to make better decision choice. Moreover, a quality label that improves pre-purchasing information would increase eudaemonia, and high-quality producers would invariably be willing to go through the necessary inspection as to reveal the products quality to the consumers, unless the cost for verification is extremely high. The welfare affect of introducing Halal labelling is briefly discussed in the compend, especially where Halal labelling opens up an opportunity to access add-onal consumers, ie. Muslims, also referred to the ancient consumers.The outline of Halal in this paper is aimed to choose the interactions of the market forces or what commonly referred to in economics as invisible hand of the hire and bring home the bacon in Halal market. At the same time, considering the effects on introduction of labelling upon the level of equilibrium, in addition to other factors such as the spare need by Muslims of uncomplicated market. This is a unique or special aspect which office not be available in previous studies on credence goods.The following chapters are organised as follows. Halal purpose is further discussed in the next Chapter 2. This chapter is think as an expansion to the introduction (Chapter 1) in order to provide a deeper thought on the concept of Halal, and to provide information regarding the current market for Halal food products and the issues pertaining in the Halal market on the use of Halal logo. The relevant literature reviews are discussed in Chapter 3, discussing the works by other authors on the area of credence goods which can be linked to Halal. Chapter 4 presents the economic analysis and application of Halal products as credence goods. Chapter 5 concludes this paper and provide a discussion on the policy implications generated by the study.CHAPTER 22.0. A Brief Concept of HalalReligion involves beliefs and the way of life, where group of individuals interprets and respon d to what they line up is supernatural and holy (Johnstones, 1975, in Shafie and Othman, n.d.). Shafie and Othman underline that most religion prescribes or prohibits certain behaviour including that of consumption (n.d.). The concept of Halal is not new in the Islamic world, but only in recent years that its potentials have been realised by corporations and organisations around the world, which normally perform under the conventional economics.The word Halal play alongs from Arabic which means permissible or lawful. It is ruled by the Islamic law known as Syariah law which is based on the Quran and Hadith (records of the life, actions and teachings of Prophet Muhammad). By not to the full understanding the concept of Halal, one (non-Muslim especially in Muslim-minority country such as join Kingdom) may think that Halal only refers to meat or something to do with kebabs. Halal actually governs every aspect of life of Muslims, however, this paper only view Halal perspective on co nsumption of food. What is not Halal is called Haram or non-permissible. Any product which comes from s booze and/or dog is strictly Haram. A special cleansing ritual must(prenominal) be done if a Muslim directly touched (although accidentally) these zoologys and/or the sources (eg. skin). Such products that charter strictly Haram ingredients or derivatives are termed as non-transformable in the analysis in Chapter 4.Amongst other strictly Haram fleshly products include blood, birds of prey, and/or carrion (dead animals without slaughtering). alcoholic beverage is also Haram, but in some strict case it could acquire or change into Halal, this is discussed later on in Section 2.3 of this paper. Un-slaughtered animals such as beef and yellow-bellied are also become non-Halal, unless slaughtered by a Muslim according to Syariah practice. Such products are termed as transformable in the analysis of this paper. What lies between Halal and Haram is called Mashbooh meaning that the g oods appear to be suspicious, questionable and correspond to Bonne and Verbeke (2007), as product attribute, Halal refers to the nature, origin and the processing methods of the food products, which entails similarity with organic foods and those taking animal welfare or sustainability into account. Strict procedure must be followed to obtain highest standard of Halal, and that Halal products must not contact with non-Halal products as similar to vegetarian food should not be in contact with any meat. Halal concept covers both food and non-food product category, but as mentioned primarily, this paper would only focus on on the first one. Studies show that about 70 to 75 percent of Muslim strictly follows the Halal standard for their dietary (Hussaini 1993a in Bonne and Verbeke, 2007 Minkus-McKenna, 2007). The next parting provides an overview of Halal food market.2.1. Halal Food grocery storeThe Halal market is considered as the fastest growing market globally as reported by the Borneo Bulletin (2008). The world Halal industry is estimated to worth between US$ 500 million to around US$ 2 trillion (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2007 Borneo Bulletin, 2008 Brunei Halal, 2007). The market is growing around US$ 500 billion annually due to the rising Muslim population worldwide (Borneo Bulletin, 2008 Brunei Halal, 2007). It is reported that the Muslim population is known to be the fastest growing religion in the world (Bonne and Verbeke, 2007) and in Europe (BBC News, 2005).The global Halal food trade itself in 2007 is estimated to be between US$ 150 billion (Brunei Halal, 2007) and US$500 billion with 12 percent of this or US$ 80 billion generated from agri-food products (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2007). In addition, Islam is the second largest religion in the world (Riaz and Chaudry, 2004) with nearly 1.5 billion people (ibid. Bonne and Verbeke, 2007 Din, 2006). The National Statistics Census carried out by the British Government, shows that Islam is also the second largest religion in the United Kingdom, approximately 1.6 million Muslims (2001). The statistics also revealed that Muslims are the largest household in the United Kingdom. These factors would justify that the strike for Halal food products in the United Kingdom is expanding.The market for Halal can be divided into two namely, primary and secondary coil. Primary market arises from the demand by Muslims, whereas, secondary market refers to the demand by non-Muslims. These terms are used in the analysis of this paper. Agriculture and Agri-food Canada (2007) suggested that Halal is often referred to safety and of high quality by both markets. Besides these, factors for increasing Halal demand includes increasing incomes in primary market, rising population of Muslim, and rising demand for variety in primary market (ibid.). For Muslims, consuming Halal food products are their religious obligation, however it is known that Halal food are also consumed by non-Muslims . The later often perceive as specially selected and urbane to discover highest standards of quality (Riaz and Chaudry, 2004, p. 14).Manufacturers or producers that sells Halal products would create significant advantage compared to those that do not (Shafie and Othman, n.d.). Riaz and Chaudry (2004, p. 16) suggested that the increasing demand for Halal products as well as expanding number of Muslim population can be an motivator for producers to provide Halal products. Nonetheless, it is safe to say that these views mostly look at Muslim-majority economies such as those in Asian region. Hence, this paper provides a study in relation to Muslim-minority economy such as the United Kingdom. However, like any other food labels, Halal labelling also have some issues.2.2. Halal logotype and Its IssuesThe use of Halal logo in food products indicates that the products are Islamic or Syariah compliant. Similar to other food link up logos such as suitable for vegetarian V-logo, Halal lo go intends to communicate with the consumers of this product that it is fit for their consumption. Initial finding shows that some companies may use this logo even though its products susceptibility violate some rules of the Syariah law. Such situation was reported in which, some meat and other processed products from Brazil imported into the country, were cosmos inspected by Halal Monitoring Committee, to be found a misdemeanor (2007). Another comparable situation is reported by The Tribune (2008) that the biggest meat producer in Scotland is under investigation over the supply of so-called fake Halal meat in the country.There are some issues to which cause the problem arises. Fischer claims that the lack of a convey body that is capable of inspecting the unregulated market in the United Kingdom has left this market open to snake oil, corruption and without any kind of standards, uniform certification and standard (n.d.). test by Fischer also shows that many British Muslims a nd organisations call upon the state to help recognise and standardised Halal. However for the ease of this paper analysis, this situation is relaxed, meaning producers carry on honestly when claiming their products as Halal.Having Halal logo does not mean the products automatically accepted to be purchased by consumers especially that of primary market. Research undertaken by a university in the United Kingdom, shows that consumers prefer small shops when buying Halal meat, rather than buying from supermarkets, due to factors mentioned earlier and others including lack of marketing of Halal food (Anonymous, 2006). Like any other goods, the credence of Halal food products has to be clearly communicated such as indication on pack or on-label (Bonne and Verbeke, 2007), in addition to conventional marketing strategies, for example advertising. Moreover, this would add some utility value to the consumer and useful in the purchasing decision (ibid.). Nonetheless, to make the analysis o f this paper simple, having Halal labelling is enough to induce greater demand and consumptions.2.3. Issues of AlcoholAlcohol is clearly not permissible, however it is essential for certain industry processes and religious scholars are aware of this some of them suggested that some use of alcohol may be acceptable as long as it is evaporated and not exist in the final products (Riaz and Chaudry, 2004). However, if there is an alternative to alcohol for such process, it would be preferred, as majority of Muslims would avoid products that use alcohol at any stage. It is generally known by Muslims that wine (a Haram state product) which turns naturally into vinegar thus the vinegar is considered as Halal. This situation is called Istihala or change of state or properties. A reverse situation as such that, if wine is added to Halal food, as in common cooking practise in the Western, hence the food becomes Haram. However, this issue is not represented in the analysis, for simplicity arg ument. It is clear that Halal can be perceived as a credence attribute, although there are numerous literatures on credence goods, only few actually discussed in relation to Halal products. Next chapter will discuss the literatures on credence products.CHAPTER 33.0. Literature ReviewThis chapter is divided into cardinal interrelated parts or sections. The first section provides a (general) glance on the studies or literatures on credence goods, which is applicable in the study of the market for Halal products. This is followed by the second section, of discussions on the demand for such goods. Market failure arises due to the nature of credence goods, which is discussed in the third section of this chapter. In the fourth section, a review on the solution of the market failure problem is examined. The final section deals with the issue pertaining to some of these solutions.3.1. Credence Goods at a GlanceThere are growing numbers racket of literatures on credence goods attribute sinc e it was first mentioned by Darby and Karni in 1973. These literatures involve different assumptions which produce divers(a) outcomes. However, it is difficult to find economic literature that deals directly with Halal subject as a credence good. Nonetheless, studies on some of the credence goods can be applied to Halal concept.Most literatures on credence goods assume that consumers are homogeneous. Hahn (2004) showed the contrast to this, in which the author grouped the consumers into two namely those who have some expertise or informed and those who do not or uninformed This paper is slightly differs from that of Hahn (2004), where the consumers in this paper are also divided into two, namely Muslims (those who only consume Halal goods, or primary consumers) and non-Muslims. The latter is further grouped into two, ie. conventional consumerswho only consume non-Halal and secondary consumerswho prefer to consume Halal products.Some economists (such as McCluskey, 2000 Cho and floo zie, 2002) used game theory role good examples on credence attribute to assess the interplays of stakeholders. These include whether producers decide to claim their products as those of high quality, then they have to decide whether to produce according to the claims or not. However, the use of game theory is out of the scope of this papers analysis. Nonetheless, producers are assumed to produce what they mean to, without dishonesty.Economists divide consumers perception of food quality into a three attributes, namely search, experience (which were pioneered by Nelson in 1970) and credence attribute (in Darby and Karni, 1973 Innes et. al., 2007 Umberger et. al., 2008). Search attributes can be determined from pre-consumption and at point of purchase such as colour, shape, brand and freshness. Experience attributes, arise from appreciation, juiciness, and food safety which could only be determined during or after consumption. Lastly, credence attributes refer to the process and pr oduction aspects, which the author claims that it cannot be determined before, during or after consumption of that particular food product (Umberger et. al., 2008). These food products, especially Halal as credence goods strain and maintain a strict quality attributes, and failure to maintain this would number a loss in its credibility, hence would brings disutility to the consumers or reduction of welfare.Some economists such as Caswell and Mojduszka (1996, in Cho and Hooker, 2002) argued that by providing information as policy tool, credence attributes could be transformed into search attributes. However, this would require a strict environment where placement of information provided is perfect and fraud could not taken place these are less likely to be a (current) scenario of the real world. Nonetheless, this concept is used in the analysis of this paper, for simplicity reason. On the other hand, Cho and Hooker (2002) mentioned that credence goods could act like a (lagged) e xperience goods if they involve time duration for detection of risk of exposure (relatively quickly), eg. infected food, vice versa. Like any production or supply of consumer goods, it depends on the demand for such goods, for an equilibrium to exist in the market. The following section discusses the determinants of demand for credence goods.3.2. Consumer Demand for Credence referIndividuals would consume goods or services that yields highest utility or satisfaction level and presumed to make rational choice. However, this is subject to physical (ie. how much they can consume) and economic (ie. budget) constraint that limits the consumers choices (Mas-Colell et. al., 1995). Moreover, the preference-based approach to consumer demand is of critical importance for welfare analysis in which, without it, evaluating the consumers level of well-being would have no meaning (ibid.).Dulleck and Kerschbamer (2001) identified credence characteristics in terms of utility, in which although con sumers can observe the utility derived from consumption of such goods ex post, they are not sure if the utility they get is the ex ante needed one. However, in the analysis of this paper, the utility is considered in terms of welfare level obtained from consumers and producers free.In addition to the conventional determinants for demand such as income, taste and preference, consumer characteristics and quality attribute become increasingly important factors nowadays. According to Antle (1999, in Senauer, 2001, p. 4), the new economics is more concerned with the markets for quality-differentiated products in which the author presented a stylised demand function which include quality factors (non-price attribute)X = D (P, I, N, C, Q)Where X depends on price and other goods (P), income (I), number of population (N), characteristics of the population/consumer (C), and non-price attribute of the product (Q). It shows that any product attribute which includes nutrition content, safety, p roduction process and even inputs, would creates utility or disutility. The analysis in Chapter 4 directly deals with the two of these factors namely, consumer characteristics (ie. preferences, and religious require) and product attribute (ie. Halal credence).Hoehn and Deaton (2004) provided a warning where consumers choose either purchasing credence (high-quality) good or conventional (low-quality) goods by comparing the consumer surplus differences. If the gain from consumer surplus from credence goods is large, compared to the opportunity cost of surplus given up from not purchasing conventional goods, the former good would be purchased. Their studies are used as a foundation for the analysis in Chapter 4 of this paper.Most literature reflects credence goods as vertically differentiated products due to quality differences. Nonetheless, Bester (n.d., in Roe and Sheldon, 2001) provided a concept of unobserved quality into a horizontal differentiation model and suggested that unob served vertical quality would reduce producers incentives for horizontal differentiation via relaxing price competition amongst producers, in a way which prices act as a signal and consist of a quality premium. This is related to the second part of this papers analysis (Section 4.2. of Chapter 4) involving a franchise market. Consumers demand and preferences for credence goods often perceived from their willingness to pay.3.2.1. Willingness to PayThere are other factors why consumers might be willing to pay a premium besides the quality attribute, such that they perceive credence goods as fashionable, trendy, or it could be that the purchase the alternative to credence goods would offend other people (McCluskey, 2000). The later is pertinent to Halal goods, especially in a situation where the consumer lives with Muslims housemates, or in a Muslim-dominated country. Consumers would also prefer for the high-quality products, even not for the stake of quality itself but other factors. For instance, when consumers care about other quality or criterion such as animal welfare, environmental, ethical, and religious reasons, to what Antle (1999, in Carlsson et. al., 2004) referred as extrinsic quality.If the distinctions in quality were signalled efficiently, consumers would be willing to pay a higher price or premium for products of high quality, hence compensating the higher production costs, as suggested by Kola and Latvala (2003). In their research on the effects of information on the demand for beef products credence characteristics in Finland, 59 percent of the respondents showed their willingness to pay a higher price for additional information. Whereas, 41 percent of respondents had zero willingness to pay, in which 35 percent of them are satisfied with the existing information, and 17 percent considered the information is not enough or they did not trust the information.As credence quality of a product cannot be observed directly at a reasonable cost or with out invasive testing, consumers would rely heavily on claims or information made by the producers via brands, labels or advertisements (Cho and Hooker, 2002). This papers analysis however, only considers that consumers fully trust producers. The next section provides discussion if the information provided is insufficient or inaccurate, resulting a market failure.3.3. Market blowIt can be said that the credence market are prone to the problems of market failure. There are different ways for a credence market to result in in qualification. It is mainly due to information asymmetry between producers and consumers.3.3.1. Information AsymmetryIn credence goods, consumers cannot directly observe the quality of the goods that they consume where only the producers know the exact quality, thus resulting information asymmetry. parking area intuition indicates that the solution for an information asymmetry is by providing more information. Information, as conferred by Weiss (1995, in Cho and Hooker, 2002) is the cardinal tenet of food safety economics. Brands, logos and labels most importantly serve as a signal to inform and communicate to the consumers about products attributes, hence alleviating information asymmetry between producers and consumers.According to Verbeke (2005), information is likely to be effective only when it addresses specific information needs of its target audience. It requires identification and detailed understanding of these needs, and proper management on the furnish of the information in order to optimally address the needs (ibid.). Information regarding food quality and safety can be categorised as risk information and aims at reducing uncertainty expressiond by the consumers in making purchasing decisions. Hence, success would come from better understanding regarding consumers attitude, behaviour, motives, and their perceptions (Frewer et. al., 2004, in Verbeke, 2005). There exist welfare effects to consumers for providing (Marette et. al., 1999, in ibid.) or deny (Mazzocchi et. al., 2004b, in ibid.) food quality information.The work done by Umberger (et. al., 2008), can be used as a foundation on the argument for the importance of Halal logo or labelling on food products in particular. The authors claimed that potential market failure would occur if consumers face limited choice and if the access to forward-looking products is not available, or information regarding product attributes, for example the production methods, is not transparent (ibid.). With this regards, Halal products would be seen as innovative products and carry some product attributes that must be fulfilled, otherwise there might exist market failure for Halal products. Halal logo especially from organisation for Halal certification, could be used to indicate these attributes. Consequently, lack of information becomes the key factor for the inefficiency of credence market. The followings are resulted from insufficient information.3.3.1A. Failur e due to FraudIn their studies, Dulleck and Kerschbamer (2001) divided credence attribute problems into two prove inefficiency treatment, and overcharging. The first fold refers to the quality level (or service) of credence goods provided by producers, and inefficiency treatment can be either under- or over-treatment. On the other hand, the second fold refers to the pricing of credence goods, particularly as self-described, overcharging.When the signal is unavailable, especially in the case where labelling is not mandatory, sellers may have the incentive to fraud by supplying products of low-quality but claiming these products as high quality. Akerlof (1970) explains this situation with automobiles market as an example, in which with asymmetric information high-quality goods (peach) would be driven out by the low-quality goods (lemons) hence resulting market failure.Moreover, as argued by Liebie (2002), when producers of low-quality products claim to be of high-quality, this would raise question in consumers mind and would not be willing to pay a premium for the high-quality goods. This in turns, would lower the net of high-quality producer hence reducing their incentive to invest in high-quality products, in which would create further doubt to consumer. The cycle goes on until only low-quality products would be sold, even though consumers prefer high-quality products, resulting market failure.Darby and Karni (1973) suggested that the amount of fraud depends on reputation, market conditions, and technological factors. Profit- tap producers would have the incentive to fraud by claiming their products are of high quality if the probability of not being caught is high enough (McCluskey, 2000) or conversely if the probability of being caught is low. Such fraud issues bring uncertainty to consumers.3.3.1B. Problems of UncertaintyBonroy and Constantos (2008) concluded that uncertainty by consumers on the identity of producers which produce the high-quality produ cts put the high-quality producers in disadvantage resulting from higher cost. They argued that this disadvantage would remain even when the consumption of high-quality products benefits are well worth the cost difference and all beliefs regarding the high-quality producers are in the right direction (ibid.). Their model explains the difficulty faced by high-quality credence products to acquire the dominant market share they should have obtained from efficiency perspective (ibid.). This is however beyond the concept of this paper, as to avoid complication in the model, it is assumed that producers behave honestly in producing the products and consumers fully aware the qualities.3.3.1C. Non-Rational BehaviourUnavailability of credible food quality labelling, consumers would face uncertainty and would incur search cost on specific information (Hobbs, 2004, in Verbeke 2005). As a result some consumers would not behave rationally, being ignorant, or make decisions which are not maximisi ng their expected utility. Such behaviour explained as a concept of bounded and limited rationality or rationally ignorant consumer hypothesis (as found in Kahneman and Tversky, 1973 Simon 1979a,b Camerer and Loewenstein, 2004 in Verbeke 2005), is however beyond the concept of the study in this paper. Verbeke (2005) concluded that without quality verification, traceability was of little value to consumers, whereas quality assurances were much more valuable to them. The solutions to the problems of market failure are presented in the next section.3.4. Solutions to the Problems This section examines some of the solutions to the problems mentioned previously which are mainly caused by lack of information. The most common solution this, as stated earlier, is providing more information through labelling or signalling. But this must be accompanied with efficient monitoring.3.4.1. The Use of Labelling as a SignalIt is generally known that labelling of credence attribute could be used as a way to certify the provision of valued attributes, hence to avoid market failure. Moreover, Caswell and Padberg (1992) claimed that information in the form of labels, word-of-mouth, advertising, and education would contribute to the co